Reduction of Microbial Contamination of Chechin nchabe (Cooked Fermented Cassava) Produced in Noun (West Cameroon) by a Second Fermentation

The Chechim nchabe is a traditional food widely consumed in Foumban, Foumbot, Koutaba, Massangam, Kouoptamo, Malentouen and Magba, 07 Departments of Noun (West region of Cameroon). It is obtained by fermenting cassava sticks cooked on the surface of river or spring water. Unfortunately, the bad hygienic quality of the environment during production promotes its contamination by pathogenic germs. The objective of this study is to carry out a second fermentation in order to reduce contamination of Chechim nchabe by pathogens germs during production. To achieve this objective, a survey on the socio-economic data, profile of the producers, production protocol and characteristics of product have been realized. After microbiological analysis of Chechim nchabe, a second fermentation was performed in the laboratory. From the results, it appears that all the producers are women, aged between 51 and 58 years and 87% of them not attending school. The water used for soaking the cassava revealed that 54% of women use river water and 46% spring water. The Chechim nchabe samples collected after traditional production in the 07 Departments of Noun, show average contamination of Enterobacteriaceae, moulds, staphylococci, Escherichia coli and lactic acid bacteria with respective concentrations of 4.7; 4.1; 4.4; 4.7 and 4.8 Log10ufc/mL. However, Chechim nchabe produced in urban areas such as Foumbot and Foumban recorded low contamination compared to that produced in rural areas like Massangam, which were heavily contaminated with Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae. It was also noted that the Chechim nchabe produced in spring water is more contaminated than that produced in river water. The second fermentation for 10 hours of Chechim nchabe in a basin, after 12 hours of traditional fermentation, eliminated all of pathogenic germs from Chechim nchabe. This second fermentation of 10 hours could be a solution to guarantee the sanitary quality of Chechim nchabe before its consumption.

Modelagem da qualidade da água do rio Poti em Teresina (PI) / Water quality modeling at Poti river in Teresina (Piauí, Brazil)

RESUMO O crescimento desordenado da capital piauiense - marcado, sobretudo, pela ocupação habitacional às margens do rio Poti e pela existência de ligações clandestinas de esgoto bruto nas tubulações de drenagem pluvial - tem contribuído significativamente para a poluição das águas da bacia hidrográfica do rio Parnaíba (região semiárida do Brasil). A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo realizar a modelagem matemática da qualidade da água em um trecho de 36,8 km de extensão do rio Poti, com base na plataforma QUAL-UFMG. A pesquisa apresenta-se como o primeiro estudo envolvendo modelagem da qualidade da água no referido rio. Os componentes modelados foram: oxigênio dissolvido (OD), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO) e coliformes termotolerantes (CT). Os resultados das medições de campo indicaram desconformidades do parâmetro CT com relação à Resolução CONAMA nº 357/2005. A calibração dos coeficientes de decaimento para cada parâmetro resultou em desvios médios entre dados medidos e modelados de até 20% e coeficientes de eficiência de Nash-Sutcliffe superiores a 0,75, o que indica que o QUAL-UFMG pode ser utilizado como base para predição da qualidade da água em rios localizados em regiões semiáridas. O modelo calibrado também foi comparado aos dados de campo obtidos na literatura. Finalmente, foram realizadas simulações do modelo para diferentes cenários de vazão (mínimas e máximas), apresentando resultados coerentes e que podem ser utilizados para a gestão dos recursos hídricos do estado do Piauí.

ABSTRACT The uncontrolled growth of Piauí's capital, in Brazil, characterized mainly by the occupation of the banks of the river Poti and the existence of illegal connections of raw sewage in rainwater drainage pipes, has contributed significantly to water pollution in the basin of Parnaíba river (semiarid region of Brazil). This research aims at performing the mathematical modeling of water quality in an area of 36.8 km of the Poti river, based on the QUAL-UFMG platform. The research is presented as the first study involving modeling of water quality in said river. Modeled components were: dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and thermotolerant coliforms (TC). The results obtained from field measurements indicated nonconformities of the parameter TC with respect to CONAMA Resolution nº 357/2005. The calibration of the decay coefficients for each parameter resulted in mean deviations between measured and modeled data of up to 20% and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients higher than 0.75, which indicate that the QUAL-UFMG can be used as a basis for predicting the water quality in rivers of semiarid areas. The calibrated model was also compared to field data obtained from the literature. Finally, model simulations were performed for different flow scenarios (minimum and maximum), with consistent results that can be used for the management of the Piauí state water resources.

Environmental Transmission of Noroviruses and Study of Fecal Microorgnisms as Viral Indicators in the Suyeong River in Busan, Korea

In order to investigate the occurrence of norovirus in rivers and beaches, a total of 81 samples were tested at seven sites of Oncheon stream, Suyeong river and Gwanganri beach in Busan from January to November, 2017. To improve the detection of norovirus from sea water, we applied the inorganic cation-coated filter method which showed 48.8% ± 12.2% (n=3) and 27.4% ± 6.0% (n=3) recovery yields from river water and sea water inoculated with Norovirus, respectively. Norovirus was detected in a total of four samples (4.9%), which all were GII genotype. Norovirus GII was detected in three samples at two waste water treatment plants (WWTP) outlet and one sample at about 500 meter downstream from WWTP in both the winter and spring seasons. We also monitored fecal indicator organisms, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Enterococcus and coliphages [somatic coliphages (SC), male-specific coliphages (MSC)] to analyze the potential transmission of enteritis causative agent in dry and wet days. Bacterial influences were found at the site of the WWTP effluents in the dry days and spread further to the costal beach in the wet days. But no viral influences were found in the river downstream in both dry and wet days.

The study results of correlation between levels of contamination of Kharaa and Orkhon river’s water and rate of gastorintestinal infectious disease of people who live near to Selenge river basin / Шинэ санаа Шинэ нээлт

In recent years, many researches that is related to waterborne diseases, especially diarrhea and water quality, safety, personal sanitation, hygiene have been conducting in developing country. Kharaa and Orkhon river are tributaries of the Selenge river basin and the many industries,agriculture, mining, provinces, soums are located in the near of Selenge river basin. Also Tuul,Kharaa and Orkhon river water is very polluted (Mongolian human Development Report 2010: Water and Development report).The aim of the research is to study correlation between to Kharaa and Orkhon river’s water pollution level and rate of gastrointestinal infectious diseases of people who live in the near of Selenge river basin.We analysed Kharaa and Orkhon river’s water quality and statistical data of gastrointestinal infectious diseases (such as dysentery, diarrhea, hepatitis A virus and others). Then we conducted correlation analysis between to river water pollution level and rate of intestinal infectious diseases. Kharaa and Orkhon river’s water was determined “less polluted” by physical, chemical andorganic indicators. But total number of bacteria was determined highly and Proteus vulgaris,Citrobacter freundi, Enterobacter agglomerans pathogens were detected in these river’s water. There were significant positive correlations between level of nitrit in river water and incidence of dysentery and diarrhea. (r=0.38, p=0.022; r=0.291, p=0.005).

Emissões de óxido nitroso em águas fluviais não poluídas e poluídas da Bacia do Rio Paquequer (Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro) / Nitrous oxide emissions from unpolluted and polluted rivers of the Paquequer Basin (Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro)

As concentrações de N2O dissolvido e os fluxos de N2O na interface água-ar (utilizando câmaras estáticas) foram determinados ao longo do Rio Paquequer e em alguns de seus tributários. As concentrações de N2O variaram de 0,32 a 4,7 μgN.L-1, e os fluxos de N2O, de <0,56 a 141 μgN.m- 2 .h-1 . As menores concentrações e fluxos de N2O ocorreram nas cabeceiras do Rio Paquequer e do Córrego Príncipe, e a maiores, nos trechos urbanos e no Córrego Fischer. As concentrações de N2O dissolvido e os fluxos de N2O na interface água-ar foram positivamente correlacionados com a alta variabilidade nas concentrações de NH4+. Espera-se que a taxa de emissão de N2O, em massa de N, no trecho poluído do Rio Paquequer seja maior do que o valor estimado de 0,62 kgN.dia-1, uma vez que a transferência pela purga em razão da turbulência provocada por cascatas, cachoeiras e corredeiras não foi determinada.

Dissolved N2O concentrations and water-air fluxes (using floating chambers) were measured along the Paquequer River and in some tributaries. Concentrations ranged from 0.32 to 4.7 μgN.L-1 and fluxes from <0.56 to 141 μgN.m-2.h-1. The lowest N2O concentrations and fluxes were found in the headwaters of Paquequer river and in Príncipe brook, and the highest within the urban boundaries and in Fischer brook. Dissolved N2O concentrations and water-air fluxes were positively correlated with highly variable NH4+ concentrations. Mass emission rate of N2O in the polluted stretch of Paquequer River is likely to be higher than the estimate 0.62 kgN.day-1 since transfer by turbulent degassing in falls, cascades and rapids were not determined.

Contamination from an affluent of Furnas reservoir by trace metals / Contaminação de um afluente do Reservatório de Furnas por metais traço

This study aims to determine concentrations and characterize trace metals distribution in an affluent of Furnas reservoir, Alfenas-MG. Water and sediment samples were taken monthly, 2010/10-2011/07 in five sites of Córrego do Pântano for subsequent determination of Pb, Cd and Zn levels by chemical analysis. The stream studied is in disagreement with Brazilian legislation for Class II water bodies (CONAMA 357). The highlights are the unsuitable concentrations of Pb for human consumption, according to Ministry of Health 2914 decree, providing risk for population.

Este trabalho objetiva determinar as concentrações e caracterizar a distribuição de metais traço em um afluente do Reservatório de Furnas, em Alfenas-MG. Foram coletadas amostras de água e sedimento de Outubro de 2010 a Julho de 2011 em cinco pontos do Córrego do Pântano para posterior determinação dos níveis de Cd, Pb e Zn através da análise química. O córrego estudado encontra-se em desacordo com a legislação brasileira para corpos de água Classe II (CONAMA 357). Destacam-se as concentrações de Pb inadequadas para consumo humano, conforme a portaria n° 2914 do Ministério da Saúde, oferecendo risco à população.

Análisis microbiológico de la etnofarmacología empleada por el pueblo Misak / A microbiological analysis of the ethnopharmacological products used by the Misak people

Objetivo Evaluar la presencia, tipo y cantidad de microorganismos en algunos de los principales productos etnofarmacológicos de administración oral, comercializados en el laboratorio Sierra Morena ubicado en el resguardo indígena de Guambia, en el Departamento del Cauca. Materiales y Métodos Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal. Se realizó un análisis microbiológico a través de la filtración por membrana de seis muestras escogidas de forma aleatoria que incluyeron el agua y cinco productos etnofarmacológicos listos para la distribución comercial. Resultados Las muestras tomadas fueron no aptas microbiológicamente para el consumo humano debido a la presencia de Escherichiacoli y coliformes. El recuento de UFC (Unidades Formadoras de Colonias)/100ml, (parámetro de referencia 0 UFC/100ml) llegó a ser de hasta 63.000 UFC/100ml en el caso del agua y de 110 UFC/100ml para los etnofármacos. Conclusiones Los resultados cuantitativos revelaron la presencia de organismos patógenos, lo que evidencia un fallo en la infraestructura del abastecimiento rural y purificación del agua. Es necesario un monitoreo continuo de la calidad del agua y una intervención urgente de la elaboración de los etnofármacos debido a que también se encuentran contaminados.(AU)

Objectives Evaluating microorganism presence, type and quantity in some of the most important ethnopharmacological products designed for oral administration currently being distributed by the Sierra Morena laboratory located in the Guambia Indian reservation (Cauca department, Colombia). Materials and Methods This was a cross-sectional descriptive study; it involved microbiological analysis using membrane filtration of six randomly-chosen samples which included the water being used by the laboratory and five of its ethnopharmacological products ready for commercial distribution and sale. Results The samples studied here were not microbiologically suitable for human consumption because they contained Escherichia coli and fecal coliforms. Colony forming unit (CFU) count/100 mL (reference 0 CFU/100 mL) was found to be up to 63,000 CFU/100 mL in water samples and 110 CFU/100 mL in ethnopharmacological samples. Conclusions The quantitative results revealed the presence of pathogens, indicating failure in rural water supply and environmental sanitation infrastructure. On-going monitoring of water quality and an urgent intervention of the laboratory’s ethnopharmacological production is necessary because of the contamination found there.(AU)

Studies on preconcentration and isolation process of bezafibrate onto different types of sorbents by the SPE.

The performed investigations are concerned on the estimation of extraction properties of copolymer styrenedivinylbenzene (SDB-1) adsorbent and four chemically bonded silica gel materials: octadecyl (C18), octyl (C8), phenyl (C6H5), cyclohexyl (C6H11) for the solid phase extraction of bezafibrate (hypolipidaemic compound) from the model solutions and river water samples. Extraction conditions such as solvent selection, their volumes and water samples pH were found to have significant influence on extraction efficiency of the studied compound. The effect of water matrix on extraction efficiency was checked too. It was found that the best extraction efficiency of bezafibrate from water sample was obtained using bonded silica-octadecyl gel sorbents and polymer material. The presence of drug in elutes was detected by spectrophotometric (measurement of absorbance at 230 nm) and HPLC-UV methods. Under optimal conditions, recoveries of the pharmaceutical were higher than 80 %. The precision of the novel extraction procedures, calculated as coefficient variation (CV %), ranged from 0.008 to 0.018 % for the all tested sorbents.

The occurrence of Aeromonas in drinking water, tap water and the Porsuk River

The occurrence of Aeromonas spp. in the Porsuk River, public drinking water and tap water in the City of Eskisehir (Turkey) was monitored. Fresh water samples were collected from several sampling sites during a period of one year. Total 102 typical colonies of Aeromonas spp. were submitted to biochemical tests for species differentiation and of 60 isolates were confirmed by biochemical tests. Further identifications of isolates were carried out first with the VITEK system (BioMeÿrieux) and then selected isolates from different phenotypes (VITEK types) were identified using the DuPont Qualicon RiboPrinter® system. Aeromonas spp. was detected only in the samples from the Porsuk River. According to the results obtained with the VITEK system, our isolates were 13 percent Aeromonas hydrophila, 37 percent Aeromonas caviae, 35 percent Pseudomonas putida, and 15 percent Pseudomonas acidovorans. In addition Pseudomonas sp., Pseudomonas maltophila, Aeromonas salmonicida, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Aeromonas media species were determined using the RiboPrinter® system. The samples taken from the Porsuk River were found to contain very diverse Aeromonas populations that can pose a risk for the residents of the city. On the other hand, drinking water and tap water of the City are free from Aeromonas pathogens and seem to be reliable water sources for the community.

A Survey of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Water Supplies during a 10-Year Period (2000-2009) in Seoul

This study has been conducted to estimate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water supplies in the Metropolitan area of Seoul, South Korea, for 10 years from 2000 to 2009. Water samples were collected quarterly at 6 intakes in the Han River and its largest stream and 6 conventional Water Treatment Plants (WTPs) serving drinking water for 10 million people of Seoul. Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 22.5% of intake water samples and arithmetic mean was 0.65 oocysts/10 L (range 0-22 oocysts/10 L). Although the annual mean of oocyst number was as low as 0.04-1.90 oocysts/10 L, 3 peaks in 2004 and 2007 were observed and the pollution level was a little higher in winter. The lowest density was observed at Paldang intake and the pollution level increased at Kuui and Jayang intakes. At the end of the largest stream, oocysts were found in 70% of collected samples (mean 5.71 oocysts/10 L) and it seemed that its joining the Han River resulted in the increase at Kuui intake and downstream. Oocyst removal by physical process exceeded 2.0-2.3 log and then all finished water samples collected at 6 WTPs were negative for Cryptosporidium in each 100 L sample for 10 years. These results suggested that domestic wastewater from the urban region could be a source of Cryptosporidium pollution and separating sewage systems adjacent to the intakes could be meaningful for some intakes having weakness related to parasitological water quality.

Effect of communal piped water supply on pattern of water use and transmission of schistosomiasis haematobia in an endemic area of Kenya

An attempt was made to examine the long-term impact of the introduction of communal piped water supply on pattern of water use and transmission of schistosomiasis haematobia in an endemic area of Kenya. In the study area, Mtsangatamu, a control program based on repeated selective mass-chemotherapy had been carried out for 6 years from 1987 to 1993. The pre-treatment overall prevalence and intensity of infection in 1987 were 59.2% and 10.9 eggs⁄10 ml of urine (Muhoho <I>et al</I>., 1997). During the control program, the prevalence was kept at a low range of 20 to 40% (Muhoho <I>et al</I>., 1994). At the end of the program, in 1994, gravity-fed water supply was provided to the village. Although the water facilities were damaged by flooding in 1998, new and further expanded gravity-fed water supply facilities consisting of 7 standpipes were introduced in 2000. The follow-up survey done in 1999 revealed reduced prevalence and intensity of infection, I.e. 23.0% and 1.2 eggs⁄ 10 ml of urine (unpublished data). The present study was carried out in 2006, 6 years after the last mass-chemotherapy. Urine examination showed that the prevalence and intensity of infection had return to 52.2% and 7.4 eggs⁄10 ml, nearly the same level as the pre-treatment level. The results of our study demonstrated that, over the long-term, the gravity-fed water supply facilities had little impact on the overall prevalence and intensity of infection in this village. However, analysis of the spatial pattern of infection, observation of human water contact at the river and a questionnaire on water use shed light on the possible impact of water supply on human water contact. The younger people (5-19 years old) with easy access to the standpipes showed a lower prevalence and intensity of infection, while the relationship was not clear in other age groups.<br>The result of the questionnaire indicated that the long distance from household to standpipe was the major factor limiting the use of the communal tap water. Most of the villagers who used piped water as the main source of water lived within 800 m of the nearest standpipe, and villagers who used river water exclusively lived beyond that distance. Observation of water-related activities at the communal water facilities also indicated that the residents who lived near standpipes used the piped water more frequently.<br>The frequency of total visits to river water sites did not differ between residents who lived near and far from the standpipe. However, water contact in the form of playing, the highest risk behavior, was observed exclusively among children who lived far (>250m) from standpipes, although the number of observations was small.<br>The present study demonstrated that the water facilities had little effect on the dispersed population but might have a beneficial effect on some villagers given easy access to standpipes.

Rapid Detection of Non-01 Vibrio Cholerae in Haihe River by Vibrio Cholerae Outer Membrane Protein Gene (ompw) PCR Technology / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To detect pollution status of non_01 Vibrio cholerae in Haihe river by Vibrio cholerae outer membrane protein gene (ompw) PCR technology. Methods A pair of Vibrio cholera ompw primers was synthetized to detect non_01 Vibrio cholerae in 102 water samples collected from 5 sampling sites in Haihe river by ompw PCR approach and the results were compared with that of the routine bacterial separation culture method. When amplified by PCR, isolated non_01 Vibrio cholerae strain Vbo35 was used as positive reference, Shigella, E.coli and Salmonella strains were used as negative reference in the study. Results The total positive rate of Vibrio cholerae in 102 water samples was 52% and the amplified products were 588 bp. The detection results of the PCR approach were 100% in accord with that of the routine bacterial separation culture method. Conclusion The results indicated that ompw PCR technology was a highly sensitive and specific method to determination of non_01 Vibrio cholerae in Haihe river water system, it shortened the determination time 4～5 times, and could provided a useful determination method for non_01 Vibrio cholerae.

Mechanism of rat testis toxicity induced by organic extract from Jialing river water / 第三军医大学学报

Objective To study the toxicity of organic extract from river water on the male reproductive system in rats.Methods Organic pollutants were extracted from river water with XAD-2 resin and the extract from 2,16 and 80 L river water was administered daily into 30 male SD rats by gavage for consecutive 28 days.Corn oil served as the solvent control in another ten rats.After the last intake of water extract,all rats were killed,and the sections of testis were prepared according to routine procedure.The TUNEL assay for in situ detection of apoptosis and quantitation of apoptotic germ were performed on testicular sections.Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to examine the changes of scf,fas,fasL and c-kit expressions in rat testis.Results The percentage of apoptotic spermatid cells significantly increased in rats receiving organic extract from 80 L water daily,as compared with the control rats.The spermatocytes in rats receiving organic extract from 80 L water daily overexpressed fas,fasL and c-kit.Conclusion The organic pollutants from river water result in spermatid apoptosis and spermatogenesis arrest.